Biological Sciences

Unit IV: Plant Physiology. Contact Hours: 14. Topics: Photosynthesis as autotrophic nutrition; site and pigments; photochemical and biosynthetic phases; cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration; C3, C4 and CAM pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis.

Unit IV: Plant Physiology. Contact Hours: 14. Topics: Exchange of gases; cellular respiration; glycolysis, fermentation, TCA cycle and electron transport system; ATP generation; amphibolic pathways; respiratory quotient.

Unit IV: Plant Physiology. Contact Hours: 6. Topics: Seed germination; phases of growth; growth rate and conditions; differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; developmental sequence; auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene and ABA; photoperiodism.

Unit V: Human Physiology. Contact Hours: 9. Topics: Human alimentary canal, dental arrangement and digestive glands; digestive enzymes and GI hormone; peristalsis; digestion, absorption and assimilation of protein, carbohydrate and fat; egestion; PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice and diarrhoea.

Unit V: Human Physiology. Contact Hours: 9. Topics: Respiratory organs in animals; human respiratory system; mechanism and regulation of breathing; exchange and transport of gases; respiratory volume; asthma, emphysema and occupational respiratory disorders.

Unit V: Human Physiology. Contact Hours: 9. Topics: Blood composition, blood groups and coagulation; lymph composition and function; human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, output and ECG; double circulation; regulation of cardiac activity; hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris and heart failure.

Unit V: Human Physiology. Contact Hours: 7. Topics: Modes of excretion; human excretory system; urine formation; osmoregulation; counter-current mechanism; kidney regulation by renin-angiotensin system, ANF, ADH and diabetes insipidus; other excretory organs; uremia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis, dialysis, artificial kidney and kidney transplant.

Unit V: Human Physiology. Contact Hours: 8. Topics: Ciliary, flagellar and muscular movement; skeletal muscle, contractile proteins and muscle contraction; skeletal system and joints; myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis and gout.

Unit V: Human Physiology. Contact Hours: 12. Topics: Neural control and coordination; neuron and nerves; human nervous system; CNS, PNS and visceral nervous system; brain parts and functions; autonomic nervous system; nerve impulse; reflex action and reflex arc; eye and ear; Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease.

Unit V: Human Physiology. Contact Hours: 9. Topics: Endocrine glands and hormones; hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas and gonads; hormone action; protein and steroid hormones; hypo- and hyperactivity disorders including dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goitre, exophthalmic goitre, diabetes and Addison disease.

Practical. Contact Hours: 30. Topics: Major and minor experiments, slide preparation, spotting, practical record, viva voce and investigatory project. Experiments include flowering plant study, TS of dicot and monocot roots and stems, osmosis, plasmolysis, stomata distribution, transpiration, tests for sugar, starch, proteins, fats, urea, sugar, albumin and bile salts in urine, compound microscope parts, specimens, models, mitosis and human skeleton/joints.