Biological Sciences

Unit VI: Reproduction. Contact Hours: 15. Topics: Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination types, agencies and examples; outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post-fertilization events, endosperm and embryo development, seed and fruit formation; apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony and seed dispersal.

Unit VI: Reproduction. Contact Hours: 15. Topics: Male and female reproductive systems; anatomy and histology of testis and ovary; spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilization, embryo development up to blastocyst, implantation; pregnancy, placenta, parturition and lactation.

Unit VI: Reproduction. Contact Hours: 3. Topics: Need for reproductive health; prevention of STDs; birth control and contraception; medical termination of pregnancy; amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies including IVF, ZIFT and GIFT.

Unit VII: Genetics and Evolution. Contact Hours: 20. Topics: Heredity and variation; Mendelian inheritance; incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, blood groups, pleiotropy and polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory; sex determination; linkage and crossing over; sex-linked inheritance; thalassemia; pedigree analysis; Down syndrome, Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome.

Unit VII: Genetics and Evolution. Contact Hours: 25. Topics: Search for genetic material; DNA as genetic material; Griffith, Avery-MacLeod-McCarty and Hershey-Chase experiments; DNA and RNA structure; DNA packaging and replication; central dogma; genetic code; translation; lac operon; genome, Human Genome Project, Rice Genome Project and DNA fingerprinting.

Unit VII: Genetics and Evolution. Contact Hours: 12. Topics: Origin of life; evidences for biological evolution; Darwin contribution and modern synthetic theory; mutation, recombination and natural selection; types of natural selection; gene flow, genetic drift, Hardy-Weinberg principle, adaptive radiation and human evolution.