Biological Sciences

Unit VIII: Biology and Human Welfare. Contact Hours: 13. Topics: Basic immunology; immune system, antigen, antibody and antigen-antibody reaction; types of immunity, vaccine and vaccination; pathogens and diseases including malaria, filariasis, chikungunya, dengue, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ringworm, SARS/COVID, allergy and autoimmune disorders; cancer, HIV/AIDS; adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.

Unit VIII: Biology and Human Welfare. Contact Hours: 2. Topics: Plant breeding; tissue culture; single cell protein.

Unit VIII: Biology and Human Welfare. Contact Hours: 5. Topics: Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment and energy generation; microbes as bio-control agents and biofertilizers; antibiotics, production and judicious use.

Unit IX: Biotechnology and its Application. Contact Hours: 15. Topics: Principle and process of genetic engineering; recombinant DNA technology; biotechnology in health and agriculture; insulin and vaccine production; stem cell therapy, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms, Bt crops and transgenic animals; biosafety, biopiracy and patents.

Unit X: Ecology and Environment. Contact Hours: 10. Topics: Environment, habitat and niche; population interactions including mutualism, competition, predation and parasitism; population attributes, growth, birth rate, death rate and age distribution.

Unit X: Ecology and Environment. Contact Hours: 5. Topics: Ecosystem and its pattern; components of ecosystem; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass and energy; ecological succession.

Unit X: Ecology and Environment. Contact Hours: 4. Topics: Biodiversity concept, patterns and importance; loss of biodiversity; conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction and Red Data Book; sacred groves, biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.

Unit X: Ecology and Environment. Contact Hours: 4. Topics: Solid waste management; radioactive waste management; success stories addressing environmental issues including Chipko movement, Dasholi Gram Swarajya Mandal movement, Silent Valley movement and Amrita Devi Bishnoi movement.

Practical. Contact Hours: 30. Topics: Major and minor experiments, slide preparation, spotting, practical record, viva voce and investigatory project. Experiments include pollen germination, plant population density and frequency by quadrat method, onion root tip mitosis, DNA isolation, pollination adaptations, gamete development, meiosis, blastula, pedigree charts, disease-causing organisms, symbolic association and homologous/analogous organs.